![]() ![]() That civilians would no longer benefit from this immunity from attack once they take part in hostilities is not itself controversial each of the main treaties of international humanitarian law establishes such a rule. It goes to the heart of the principle of distinction, given that civilians who take a direct part in hostilities lose the protection from being attacked-which civilians are afforded under the laws of armed conflict-when they are taking an active part in hostilities. The concept of direct participation in hostilities during a situation of armed conflict has become a prominent and, at times, contentious issue in international humanitarian law. Contemporary armed conflicts involve not only fighting and military confrontation between regular armed forces and organized armed groups, but also the participation by civilians in hostilities in various ways. ![]()
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