The last time a non-Islamist religious civil war took place was in year 2009, when the government in Sri Lanka, originally demanding that Buddhism should play a leading role in the constitution of the country, defeated the secularist separatists of LTTE militarily. Although religious civil wars have occurred in all faith traditions, during recent years, Islamist armed conflicts have become increasingly common. The other two conflicts in Syria and Yemen included both secular and radical Islamist non-state actors, such as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP) in Yemen, or Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (formerly known as al-Nusra Front) in Syria. In all of these four conflicts, the non-state actor expressed their political aspirations in religious terms related to Islam: Afghanistan ( ISIS and Taliban), Somalia (al-Shabaab), and Syria ( ISIS). 3 Out of the six most deadly armed conflicts in 2018 recorded by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program ( UCDP), four involved at least one Islamist actor. The prevalence of Islamist armed conflicts is an important problem of our time. Keywords: negotiation armed conflict Islamist religion transnational
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